Intervertebral discs

Intervertebral discs make up approximately one quarter of the total length of the spine. They play a crucial role in both mobility and shock absorption. They are located between most vertebrae, except for the segment between the first (C1 — atlas) and second (C2 — axis) vertebrae, where no disc is present.

An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure that functions like an elastic “cushion.” Its primary role is to absorb mechanical loads, reduce pressure on the vertebrae, and protect neural structures.

Each individual disc allows only limited movement, but together they enable flexibility and a full range of spinal motion. The coordinated function of all discs allows the spine to perform bending, rotation, and other complex movements without overloading specific segments.

Disruption of disc structure or function can lead to pain, reduced mobility, and the development of conditions such as disc protrusions or herniations.

Intervertebral discs structure

The intervertebral discs consist of a fibrous ring and a pulpous nucleus. The fibrous ring consists of elastic collagen fibers that are connected to the intervertebral discs. The fibers in their mass are oriented at different angles. The fibrous ring covers the pulpous nucleus.

Despite the fact that both the fibrous ring and the pulp nucleus consist of water, collagen, proteoglycans (PG), the bulk of the liquid (water and PG) occupies the largest part of the pulp nucleus.

PG molecules have a very important function – they attract and retain water. The pulpous nucleus contains a hydrating gel, which creates resistance to compression. The amount of water in the core is constantly changing depending on human activity.

The percentage of water in the intervertebral discs decreases over time (if at birth it reaches 80-90%, then after 50 years – this figure is only 60-70%) – which is one of the reasons for the natural development of back diseases.

Exercises on the MOK create conditions for working with the spine in a decompressed position. This is especially important in cases of intervertebral disc dysfunction. Reducing axial load helps decrease pressure on the discs and supports improved nutrition and functional recovery.

During training, gentle controlled traction is combined with activation of deep spinal muscles. This enhances microcirculation in surrounding tissues, restores segmental mobility, and promotes more balanced load distribution.

This approach not only reduces symptoms but also addresses the underlying mechanisms of disc overload, creating conditions for stable and long-term recovery.